Introduction To Psychological Testing Paper

Introduction To Psychological Testing Paper The study of  person and his characteristics is the  most important  tasks  of psychological science.  Development of psychological science is characterized with significant increase in interest to problems of psycho diagnostic.  The aim of modern psycho diagnostic is research of characteristics and differences between individuals and groups in a systematic manner.  The task of such research in the most general form is definition of mental and psychological characteristics of individuals and their intra-individual relationships. Psychological  test is the  basis for  psycho diagnostics  of  people  and  the foundation  of practical  psychology. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of psychological test, describe its major categories, the concepts of reliability and validity, and other fundamental questions associated with psychological testing. The concept  of a psychological test  and its main  characteristics The scope of psycho diagnostic includes a set of various diagnostic methods to identify psychological characteristics of man.  It represents a bridge between general and applied psychology, and in relation to the methods used, it acts as a common ground that unites all areas of their practical application. Practical psycho diagnostics solves some typical problems, which include the following:   1.  To establish certain psychological properties or behavior in a person.   2.  Determine the degree of development of these properties and their expression in specific quantitative and qualitative terms.   3.  Description of diagnostic psychological behavior of a person 4.  Comparison of the degree of development of psychological characteristics in different people. The standardized psycho diagnostic methods, allowing obtaining comparable quantitative and qualitative indicators of the degree of development of the properties in people, are called psychological tests.  Under standardized techniques is meant that they have  strictly  defined  rules  of application,  ranging  from  studying the situation  and ending with  the methods of calculation  and  interpretation  of results. The literature presents a great variety of definitions of psychological tests:   Psychological test is essentially an objective and standardized measurement of a sample of behavior (The American Psychological Association).   Test is a standardized, often time-limited study designed to establish the quantitative (and qualitative) individual psychological differences (The American Psychological Association).   Under test is understood a specific tool for evaluating the psychological qualities of the individual, which consists of set of tasks or questions, offered under standard conditions and is intended to identify particle types of behavior (The American Psychological Association) Objectivity,  validity  and  reliability  are the main requirements  to the test.  It is necessary to consider these concepts and to discuss how they impact the field of psychological testing. Objectivity  of a psychological test  means  that primary  indicators, evaluation  and interpretation  of data do not  depend on  the behavior  and  subjective  judgments  of the experimenter.  Development  of testing tasks, its procedure, processing  of test results  is carried out  according to certain  standard  rules.  To achieve  objectivity,  a psychological test  must follow the next  conditions:   standardization of  procedures of conducting  the test  to allow comparison  of its results;   standardization of test  performance evaluation; Definition of result norms  of the test  for  comparison  them with  results  got from the  processing of test data. These three conditions are referred to as the stages of standardization of psychological tests. During the development of a test certain standardization procedures are carried out, which include three stages:   1.  The first stage of standardization of psychological tests is to establish uniform testing procedures. 2.  The second phase is to establish a uniform evaluation of the test: the standard interpretation of the results and pre-standard evaluation. 3.  The third stage of standardization of psychological tests is to determine the norms of the test.  Norms are necessary in the interpretation of test results (primary parameters), as a benchmark with which to compare testing data.  For example, in tests of intelligence the primary received IQ is correlated with standard IQ (43, 44, 45 points in the test of Raven).  If the IQ received by respondent is above normative, as 60 points, we can talk about of the respondent as high.  If the resulting IQ is lower than the norm, then the level of intelligence is low, if the received IQ is 43, 44 or 45 points, then it is average. (Ford-Martin, 2004) All methods of psychological diagnosis, both standardized and non-standardized, are aimed at measuring personality traits and characteristics of intelligence.  Each method is designed to measure a certain personal characteristic, and information about the extent to which the test actually measures it is known as the concept of validity.   Effective  method of  testing  can be  created, if  it passed  all  the stages of  validation,  when it meets requirements of both general  and  practical validity.  Practical  validity describes  the test  not by  its  psychological  content,  but in terms  of  its  value for achieving  certain  practical  goals  (prediction,  diagnosis). (Messic, 1980) The last important  characteristic of  tests  are their reliability.   Reliability  means  consistency of  test  results  of each  testing attempt with the same subject,  with the  results  of his first  test.  Absolute  reliability of  the test  does not  exist, and errors  are allowed,  but  the higher are  they,  the lower is the  test  reliability. The high  reliability of  the testing method  means  that  it  accurately  measures  the characteristic. These  three basic characteristics of  psychological test  determine  its  use in practical  psychology. Conclusion Psycho diagnostics  is  an area  of psychological science, and  at the same time  the most important  form  of psychological practice,  that is associated  with the development and use  of various  methods  of recognition  of individual  psychological characteristics of people. Psycho diagnostics  is a  set of  methods and tools for  diagnosis  of mental  characteristics of man.  One of such  methods  is  testing.  The use of  psychological  tests  is aimed  to investigate the characteristics  of person, and provide  information  about mental  properties of  a particular  person  (the subject). An effective psychological  test  should  meet requirements such  as objectivity,  validity  and  reliability,  in this case  it  gives  the correct results,  which can  be  interpreted  and applied  in practical  psychology.

Oxalate ION Essay

The dissociation of protons from oxalic acid proceeds in a stepwise manner as for other polyprotic acids. Loss of a single proton results in the monovalent hydrogenoxalate anion HC2O4−. A salt with this anion is sometimes called an acid oxalate, monobasic oxalate, or hydrogen oxalate. The equilibrium constant (Ka) for loss of the first proton is 5.37Ãâ€"10−2 (pKa = 1.27). The loss of the second proton, which yields the oxalate ion has an equilibrium constant of 5.25Ãâ€"10−5 (pKa = 4.28). These values imply that, in solutions with neutral pH, there is no oxalic acid, and only trace amounts of hydrogen oxalate.[1] The literature is often unclear on the distinction between H2C2O4, HC2O4-, and C2O42-, and the collection of species is referred to oxalic acid. otany patnawomenscollege.in/journal Explore, 2010, Page No. 63–67 Vol. II No. 2 Analysis of oxalate of fresh and stored tomato juice Devshikha*, Nitya Priyadarshi*, Sukriti Rani Prasad** *B.Sc. –II year (2008-2011), Department of Botany, Patna Women’s College, Patna University **Lecturer (Gue Premium663 Words3 Pages Study of Oxalate Ion St. John’s Senior Secondary School and Junior College Mandaveli Chennai – 600028 A CHEMISTRY PROJECT â€Å"STUDY OF THE OXALATE ION CONTENT IN GUAVA FRUIT† Submitted in the partial Fulfilment of the requirement for AISSCE 2010-2011 By Abdud Dayan Adeeb Of Class XII C St. John’s Senior Premium1368 Words6 Pages Oxalate Oxalate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The structure of the oxalate anion A ball-and stick model of oxalate Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is the dianion with the formula C2O42−, also written (COO)22−. Either name is often used for derivatives, such as

Analysis Of Todays Consumerism Anthropology Essay

Everlasting consumerism has shaped the manner twenty-first century landscape looks like. It creates limitless demand of merchandises and shops in any possible infinite. Retail design is responsible to change over this possible infinite into a ‘consumerism infinite ‘ . It is where people encounter strong force to see and purchase merchandises. A perfect illustration to demo grounds exists in manner universe. There is strong indicant of tense competition happens between dressing industry to win the market. In relation to that, the shop has become one cardinal facet or instead a strong statement to make trade name consciousness among public. The inquiry arise is how, in a comparatively over-saturated market, a shop can be perchance designed to convey strong message to pull the ‘crowd of consumerism ‘ into the infinite.1.1. Consumerism TodayThe thought of consuming has changed over the past decennaries. Back to the early human civilisation period, most of the acti vities were needs-driven actions. Earlier, as huntsman gatherer, human hunted animate beings to be able to eat. Followed by agricultural period, agriculture and works cultivation were done to bring forth their nutrient. Consuming was a mere activity that must be done in order to last. In Industrial and technological age, the manner people consume things has changed. As more diverse merchandise being produced and diverse ways of distribution being invented, there are pleasure factors of devouring in signifier of picks. Peoples find excitement in taking what they want to devour. This leads to modern consumerism where the construct of consuming goes beyond the demands of endurance.1.2.Shopping as Modern ConsumerismShopping is the twenty-first century ‘s representation of human consumerism. Peoples find delectations surrounded by scope of different stores and trade names. To be able to take and compares is the high spot of modern life consumerism. In signifiers of choosing, purcha sing, and utilizing, shopping has catered these demands. Shopping can be seen as in a positive manner of carry throughing people ‘s demands and wants. But seemingly, it has developed so fast, in footings of activity, infinite, and merchandises. And over the past decennaries, it becomes major facet in human life. Museums, libraries, airdromes, infirmaries, and schools are going progressively identical from shopping. Their acceptance of retail for endurance has unleashed an tremendous moving ridge of commercial entrapment that has transformed museumgoers, research workers, travellers, patients, and pupils into clients ( Koolhaas cited in Luna, 2005, p.26 ) Shopping is arguably the most cosmopolitan activity today. The manner interior decorator design infinite has to follow this thought every bit good. Space has to be designed in such a manner to suit this, to enable people to shop anyplace, anytime.1.3.The Being of Fashion RetailFashion retail possibly is the best illustration to portray the modern consumerism. It shows how people thirstily choose what they wear under the limelight of diverse manner trade names. If the instance is taken to a higher degree, it demonstrates evidently how people determinations are led by pick alternatively of demands. High category manner trade names such as LMVH, Gucci, and Prada exist to function beyond people ‘s demand of vesture. They meet people ‘s desire for picks for scope of luxury merchandises.1.4.Fashion of SingaporeSingapore cityscape pictures clearly the being of international manner trade names. They, so, has become one strong attractive force point of Singapore for both local cos tumiers and tourers. Singapore is one of the chief competition spheres for these elephantine manner trade names in Asia. To be able to run into clients ‘ demand, every trade name has to come up with high-end design for its retail. Design and engineerings are optimized in its usage to hike the shopping experience that lead to trade name consciousness. All these things have to be done so that people will take certain trade name and non others. Orchard Road is a good illustration picturing the competition among these trade names. Interior design, facade intervention, show engineerings are being optimized to pull walkers along the route.2.Retail MetempsychosisPeoples find pleasances in taking what they want. Retail has two different attacks in response to the demand. First, they must be able to supply a scope of merchandises for clients to take. Second, the retail itself capable to competition. That means it is besides considered one of so many picks in the market. In this affair, the retail has to turn out to the market that it is deserving chosen. The trade name, the merchandises, and the shop has to work together to stand out and creates strong consciousness in the market place. Retail has to rebirth, go forthing old conservative manner of advancing trade names, and making fresh interaction between merchandises and clients.2.1.Brand ManifestationWith a strong competition in the manner market, a strong typical image of a trade name is required to make public consciousness. The instance is non lone competition among merchandises but besides continues to the environment where the merchandises being promoted. At this phase, a shop has become cardinal tool for the trade name to make its images. A flagship shop is designed to represents the individuality of the trade name so. For new clients, the shop become the first things that attracts them before they go farther down to the merchandises being offered or even before they see the window shows.2.1.1.Design for the Trade namesArchitecture and interior design are responsible to make environment to present merchandises to clients. Fashion retail, irrespective of manner, tendencies, or trade name individuality, should be able to make client consciousness and excite them to come and take it alternatively of other stores. This is the cardinal map of retail design before it goes down into a deeper and more specific case-based map. On higher degree, the designer or interior interior decorator must understand the nature of cloth and how single manner interior decorator, that is being represented, has their personal technique to handle it. This alone quality is the 1 that gives character to a trade name. The character, so, must be translated into the infinite in order to make strong statement of the trade name.2.1.2.Emphasizing Fictional characterIn order to be typical in an over-crowded market, a strong character of the trade name is required. This character is projected from the manner the trade name transport itself to the market. It consists of scope of merchandises and service being offered, and the environment of where the commercial activities take topographic point. Retail design has to be able to make the ambiance that span clients and merchandises. The shop acts as a bundle and shelter, literally and metaphorically, to the trade name. The character will merely be emphasized if there is integrity between the trade name, the merchandise, and the shop.2.1.3.Characterizing StructureA shop as a physical shelter might be more than plenty to envelope the commercial activity go oning under it. But in manner universe, it goes farther than functionality. More than merely a topographic point to expose the merchandise and supplying circulation for people to walk and shop the merchandise, the retail has to associate itself to the merchandise and the company doctrine. In other words, the shop has to set up relation, in signifier and intent, with the apparels. The physical constr uction, that provide commercial environment, has to intermix in with the apparels and make overall integrity. Merely by this manner, the client will see the bigger image of the trade name, and non loose pieces of the trade names. One ideal illustration of harmoniousness between trade name and shop is shown in Calvin Klein shop located in Avenue Montaigne, Paris. Its shop, designed by John Pawson in 2002, made a good illustration of how the character of the apparels -especially the early Calvin Klein ‘s work- has been translated into the retail infinite. ( Klein ) has said â€Å" It ‘s of import non to confound simpleness with uninteresting, † and executes his simplified, refined, sportswear-based forms in epicurean natural fibres, †¦( Stegemeyer, 2004, p.130 ) It is the thought of simpleness that is systematically conveyed through the trade name, merchandises, and shop. Straight lines and clear infinite sequences brings out the lucidity of the apparels, making a clean and elusive atmosphere of the shop. The coveted simpleness atmosphere is reinforced through impersonal coloring material that is achieved by stuffs and illuming installing.2.2.Design DifferentiationA character manifestation to a infinite is inevitability necessities to make strong trade name consciousness. However, irrespective of the trade name that is being represented, manner shop can be typical by itself. It is a 2nd measure after set uping strong representation of the trade name. This is about different attack from the experience side, researching the interaction between merchandises and clients in a conducive controlled environment. In other word, it redefines the manner people shop inside a shop, making a fresh shopping experience.2.2.1.New Fashion Stores FundamentalWi th Singapore landscape that has been over-crowded with shopping promenades and retail shops, the creative activity of retail shop should be more carefully considered. When the market is driven by consumerism, the rate of retail formation will go on to lift up. However, any retail creative activity should see avoiding similar add-on to the bing scene that might make impregnation to market. It is a scheme to hedge the similarity and, at the same clip, open up a opportunity to stand out in the market place. To turn to the issues, the shop must provide certain factors in its design attack in malice of the trade name it conveys.2.2.2.Flexible Frequent SpaceRetails should be able to update themselves often. It has to be able to accommodate to new merchandises, seasonality, and client tendencies. There is a high degree of experimentation in retail design. It relates to manner, and manner alterations invariably, is surprising and wants to make experiences ( de Wild, 2009, p.14 ) In progress degree, apart from the impermanent things, it has to alter in order to make different interaction between clients and merchandise in each brush. In other word it needs to switch, non merely in footings of layout, but in a bigger shop strategy. By using this construct, it is non merely the window shows that change every clip new merchandises are launched, but the whole shop represent the show that able to alter wholly. The thought can be achieved by using modular system for the furniture, puting digital multimedia interface, utilizing less heavy fixed show furniture, and put ining replaceable illuming systems.2.2.3.Centre of Social ActivitiesThe new construct of retail shop is non simply about providing commercial activities -selling, advertisement, and purchasing. It is to integrate retail infinite and communal infinite to be a societal meeting point. With the planetary tendency of denationalization, I think we are most interested in the thought of shopping as a new sort of public infinite. How can we enrich these experiences? Can we convey new content, information, thoughts and ocular experiences to shopping in a thoughtful and dynamic manner? ( Seller, 2009, p. 23 ) The thought is to ease people do many other animating activities in their shopping clip. This thought can be done by open-space construct shop, creative activity of different communal infinites inside the shop, and even distribution between merchandise show and cosmetic points -plants, resting furniture, etc. The ideal integrating of societal infinite and commercial infinite is when people are able to rest and relief without any force per unit area to purchase while they are unconsciously take pleasance in the merchandises and tempted to purchase.2.2.4.Cultural RelevanceLocal relevance is of import to do a shop appears hospitable. Establishing relation with the local civilization is important to associate the planetary trade name to smaller local market. Selling merchandises is non about pelting possible clients with the planetary merchandises. Alternatively, it has to be relevant to the context and understand local clients. This can be manifested through adaptative re-use of local l andmark as retail infinite, redevelopment of historical aged edifice, and design merger between trade name character and local civilization. The new construct shop is about being able to unite the attraction of the trade name with local gustatory sensation to make strong invitation and besides sense of belonging to clients. The design attack mentioned above can be applied into a shop regardless of trade names and merchandises. The intent is to make new manner of shopping. Back to the statement before where people find satisfaction to be able to take, it is how the choosing activity can be more valuable and rich in experience. When this attack merged with the trade name character, it becomes a holistic bundle that convey strongly to the market place. The mission is accomplished when people find delight in choosing and be able to trustingly take the trade name.3. DecisionThe consumerism-driven market will do people enthusiastically choose the merchandises they want. With an over-saturated market in Singapore, an unconventional design is required to for a manner retail to be typical and therefore, win the market. First, the shop has to attest the trade name that it represents. The shop design must convey the trade name and merchandises philosophy to make holistic image and strong trade name consciousness. Second, in footings experience, it must make refreshing and enriching manner of shopping. In effort to accomplish the experience, shop demands to be designed with consideration of three attacks ( flexible frequent infinite, centre of societal activities, and cultural relevancy ) . The new retail shop requires changeless altering in order to supply up to day of the month shopping experience for clients. A shop has to be a societal assembly more than a commercial topographic point, supplying a placid customer-oriented ambiance. Additionally, it is necessary for a shop to hold a connexion with local context and make a sense of belonging in clients mind.BibliographyAntonini, Alessandra. 2008.Design Boutiques. Barcelona: LinkssDesign Council, 2009.Retail Design. [ Online ] ( Updated 26 Oct 2008 )Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designcouncil.org.uk/About-Design/Design-Disciplines/Retail-Design/ [ Accessed 17 January 2010 ]de Wild, Femke. 2009. Retail Future.FRAME. Issue 69, Jul/Aug, p.14.EnterpriseOne, 2009.Recent Retail Trends & A ; Future Developments. [ Online ] ( Updated 01 Jan 2010 )Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.business.gov.sg/EN/Industries/Retail/StatisticsNTrends/FactsFiguresNTrends/retail_overview_trends.htm [ Accessed 12 January 2010 ]Harvard Design School. 2001.The Harvard Design School Guide to Shoping. Cambridge: TaschenPawson, John.Calvin Klein Store Paris[ Photographs ] [ Online ]Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.johnpawson.com/architecture/stores/calvinklein/paris [ Accessed 5 April 2010 ]Luna, Ian. 2005.Retail. Architecture + Shoping. New York: RizzoliManuelli, Sara. 2006.Design for Shoping. London: Laurence KingMostaedi, Arian. 2004.Cool Shops. Singapore: Page OnePawley, Martin. 2000. Fashion + Architecture. London: Wiley-AcademyRiewoldt, Otto. 2000.Retail Design.London: Page One2002. Brandscaping. Berlin: BirkhauserSellers, Susan. 2009. 2Ãâ€"4, Inc on interview with Idn.Idn vol 15 figure 6,pp.22-23.Singapore Department of Statistic. 2009. Yearbook of Statistics Singapore.Statisticss Singapore[ Internet ] ( Updated 13 Aug 2009 )Available at:www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/yos09/yos2009.pdf [ Accessed 10 January 2010 ] .Stegemeyer, Anne. 2004.Who ‘s Who in Fashion. New York: Fairchild Publication.

A Journal Entry From An Unnamed Physician - 1339 Words

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Both stories begin with the women acting in a way that is â€Å"acceptable† by their husbands, but throughout the novel we see them blossom from submissive wivesRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper993 Words   |  4 Pagesher role as a mother and submissive wife, then she was thought of to be simply undergoing hysteria. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, written in 1892, we are introduced to an unnamed woman suffering from this â€Å"nervous depression† (1). This woma n and her husband John, who is a â€Å"physician of high standing† (1), are taking a three-month vacation in an old colonial mansion. It is in this haunted house that the reader is able to see the psychological deterioration of the woman as sheRead MoreAn Analysis Of Charlotte Gilman s The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesof feminist literature, Jane F. 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The Effect Of Sleep On Undergraduate Academic Performance

The Effect of Sleep on Undergraduate Academic Performance There are only a few needs of humans that are essential for survival. These include food, water, oxygen, and sleep (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). A lack of any of these fundamental needs can be detrimental to human functioning (Orzel-Gryglewska, 2010). The effects of sleep deprivation are numerous. Without sleep humans can be irritable, distracted, forgetful, and even experience hallucinations. There are even diseases associated with continual sleep deficiency such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes (Orzel-Gryglewska, 2010). In more recent studies, it has been hypothesized that sleep has a profound effect on learning (Roth, 2008). Information learned in the day is processed and consolidated during sleep at night. It was also discovered that sleep is required for memory construction the following day (Roth, 2008). For these reasons, sleep in a very important for college students. 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It is also importantRead MoreAlcohol Behaviors Among First Year Students Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol Behaviors amongst First Year Students In Correlation to their Health and Academic Success Mohammed Yusuf University of Ontario Institute of Technology Alcohol Behaviors amongst First Year Students In Correlation to their Mental Health and Academic Success Every year students enrol themselves into an institution of higher education, whether it be college or university. Students of different backgrounds and their varying reasons all place importance in getting an educationRead MoreDoes Limited Duration Of Sleep Affect Academic Performance?1673 Words   |  7 Pagesduration of sleep affect academic performance? Academic performance is utilized worldwide in order to determine an individual’s career success and in some instances intelligence. 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Christianity, the True Religion Essay examples - 1726 Words

Christianity, the True Religion I was raised Catholic, at the insistance of my parents. After many years of drinking and partying, I got very bored and thought, Is this ALL there is to life?!?! I thought, If there really IS any truth to a life after death, I should at least TRY to find the answer. I started to do some research on science and religion to see if I could come up with any TRUTH about the meaning of life. In school, I was taught that mankind was evolving and getting better, but it didnt appear that way to me. It SEEMED as though modern science had proven that God didnt exist. As I did more research on my own, I found out that this just isnt the case. I learned that the Universe and ALL matter have a DEFINITE beginning.†¦show more content†¦Islam was founded by the MAN Mohammed, who was born as late as 570 AD. He had visions that he had ASSUMED were from his god, Allah. After being convinced by his WIFE that the visions really WERE from Allah, he recorded these in his book The Koran before his d eath in 632. The books of the Bible have been completed about 450 years before Mohammed was even BORN! There are also MANY prophecies written about Jesus before he was born, which are recorded in the Bibles Old Testament, but NONE were ever recorded about Mohammed. Look at Isaiah 7:14 Chap. 53 in the O.T. for just a couple. I used to think that the Bible was a myth or only an outdated book that was written by superstitious men. I tried to read it, but I couldnt make any sense out of it. I doubted that ANYONE could really understand it or REALLY know if it was the TRUTH. Then I found out that there are A LOT of books that explain the Bible and give good, historical, scientific, archaeological, and logical reasons to believe it. These types of books are called APOLOGETICS. I was VERY skeptical, but I did a TON of reading! I figured that the chance that I may spend eternity in hell and NOT in Heaven was a subject worthy of my further investigation. Here are some more of the questions that I had, and the answers that I found. Who wrote the Bible? The Bible contains 66 different books that were recorded by about 40 different people across a 1600-year time span. The Bible contains an AMAZING consistency,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Schleiermacher s On Religion1495 Words   |  6 Pagesextract from Schleiermacher s ‘On Religion; speeches to its cultured despisers’’, which comes from the fifth speech within the text. Schleiermacher’s fifth and final speech explores the range of religions presentations viewed across the world and how this impacts the idea of the plurality of God. not only this by in his conclusion Schleiermacher puts forward the idea that Christianity can be viewed as separate from all other religions as the most accurate form of religion. 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Influenced by German Romanticism, Schleiermacher attempted to settle the criticisms of the Enlightenment with conventional Protestant Christianity (Crouter 261). By doing so, he abandoned the pietistic Moravian theology that had neglected to gratify his growing reservations and he embraced the sensible outlook of Christian Wolff and Johann Salomo Semler. He then became accustomed with theRead MoreFrederick Douglass is Recognized as an Implausible Abolitionist707 Words   |  3 PagesWhen slavery had become societal, Christianity was the preeminent religion in America. Frederick Douglass is recognized as an implausible abolitionist. He has worked i ncredibly hard to abolish slavery and everything it stood for. He portrays the ways religion and its literature had a repugnant effect on slavery and the slave owners. Christianity had more of a jaundiced effect on the slave owners than it did unmitigated. Throughout the novel we find that Frederick’s friends were all religious

Strategic Management for Crypto Currency Market - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management for Crypto Currency Market. Answer: Introduction The case study deals with investigating the growing use of crypto currency by providing an analysis of this growing world industry (Zhang et al. 2015). The study discuss on at least three crypto currencies such as Bitcoin, ethereum and darkcoin. The current segment properly presents data of crypto currency trends and values over past few years. The study clearly compares the resources and capabilities that are needed to mine crypto currency by small house users as well as large commercial factories. It even highlights the costs and viability of mining Bitcoin. The threat of crypto currencies becomes difficult to handle by the currency banks. Discussion had been done on criminal usage of crypto currencies. Lastly, the interest of the Chinese Government in crypto currency as well as implications of this interest is noted in and across the world (Tschorsch and Scheuermann 2016). Strategic background The Crypto Currency market is growing at rapid pace in recent years. Major crypto currencies used in the market are Bitcoin, ethereum and darkcoin. Among these three crypto currencies, Bitcoin dominates over other currencies recently but the data highlights the market share will eventually drop down significantly by next few years (Tarasiewicz and Newman 2015). There is growing trend of crypto currencies that are playing major role in the current market. On analysis, it is even noted that crypto currencies are more complex by nature as compared to public lexicon. There had been several studies that examine the role and future of Bitcoin but few actually explore the broader crypto currency market. Figure: Trend line of Crypto Currencies (2014 to 2017) (Source: Rabah 2017) One of the biggest challenges with digital currency is to prevent unauthorized copying. In addition, crypto currencies mainly use two mechanisms for preventing it. The first mechanism is to publish each transaction in a public record as well as storing numerous copies of ledger online as it allows them to be automatically compared as well as updated. Therefore, these currencies prevent double spending that uses same Bitcoin in purchasing two different things. The second mechanism used will be to protect ledger cryptographically (Osterrieder, Strika and Lorenz 2017). Here, every updates is collected together with wide range of new transactions as well as add to the existing ledger. Bitcoin, Ethereum and Darkcoin The difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin lies in the fact where Bitcoin is nothing more than a currency while Ethereum is a ledger technology where companies are using for building new programs. In addition, both these crypto currencies operates in Blockchain technology where the version used by Bitcoin is 1.0 and for Ethereum is 2.0 as it allows for building decentralized applications (Ong et al. 2015). Bitcoin can be termed as digital dollar where anyone can create an account for either purchasing or selling the digital currency. The price of digital currency fluctuations as it is based on supply as well as demand (Nakamoto 2016). On the other hand, Ethereum has the potential to overtaking Bitcoin as the dominant coin in the current marketplace. Crypto currency Market Capitalization Bitcoin $ 72018984613 Ethereum $ 29125807759 Darkcoin was developed and uses X11 algorithm as it claims to be immune that attacks other crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Darkcoin provides users with security in a way where it blurs the transaction paths and to that users feel confident in knowing ways for moving their finances (Morabito 2017). Strategic environment Political factors The crypto currencies are not controlled by any of the government body. Banks in China and Russia are not accepting these crypto currencies especially Bitcoin. Countries such as United States, Canada and European Union consider Pro-Bitcoin. These crypto Currencies are allows between the private entities (Mandjee 2015). Economical factors It is noted that market capitalization of crypto currencies exceed $6,000 billion. There are more than 21 million Bitcoins that exist till date and 15,359,800 are in circulation. Bitcoin are too small that can affect Federal Government as it has the ability to conduct monetary policy. More than 88,000 merchants use Bitcoin (Low and Teo 2017). Social factors These crypto currencies drive forces such as anonymity, savings as well as reach. There is low-level of awareness as well as usage of these crypto currencies among the public. It is noted that merchants today are adopting the payment technology as it increase adoption among the consumers (Lansky 2016). Technological factors Bitcoin public ledger is being leveraged in a smooth ways. Technology Life Cycle is presented below where time is taken in the x-axis and adoption rate is taken in the y-axis. Figure: New Technology Life Cycle (Source: Halaburda and Sarvary 2016) Environmental factors If there is growth in demand, there is more need of computational power. It is noted that miners need to find an alternative source of electricity that are mostly cheap in old plants. Therefore, Carbon footprint associates with 1.5 tons of carbon gas emissions (Osterrieder, Strika and Lorenz 2017). Legal Factors There is decentralized nature of the coin that mainly restricts any type of regulatory effort. Countries like Canada, USA and EU are putting regulations in given form. For instance, Obama Administration partners with private companies such as Blockchain alliance (Folkinshteyn and Lennon 2016). Threat of crypto currencies that are handled by currency banks As there is growth of crypto currencies, it is expected that more central bankers are looking crimping their use. There are few issues in central banking that provokes anxiety as compared to fear of losing control of ones currency. The Chinese Central bank actually had banned initial coin offerings of digital currencies such as Bitcoin that lead to fall in the value of some crypto currencies by 20% (Chodorow 2017). On analysis, it is noted that there is growing uneasiness regarding how disruptive technology act to the whole banking as well as payments system. Firstly, banks spend time to remain safe and restrict new entrants. The bankers mainly think of regulation that makes financial services less appealing for the new entrants. Recently, the penny is dropping where the non-bank rivals can target more profitable areas that leave regulated banks less profitable (Chan et al. 2017). Secondly, more than $600 billion has been raised for funding private debt as shown in the market data. The policymakers are spending too much time for analyzing the non-banking sector. In addition, the growing dependence of bank on large technology firms helps in running their infrastructure in systematic way (Osterrieder, Strika and Lorenz 2017). Thirdly, the central banks actually had lost control over payments when individuals are privately issuing Bitcoin currencies. Here, issue of currencies considered as lucrative business just like Central bank but it varies with the cost of issuing a coin or bank note as well as its face value (Bashir, Strickland and Bohr 2016). Competitive environment Bargaining power of suppliers Low supplier switching costs positively affect crypto currencies. There is less bargaining power of the suppliers. Intensity of existing rivalry When exit barrier are low then weak firms likely to enter the market as it increase profit levels for the remaining business. Low exit barriers have positive impact for Bitcoin (Tschorsch and Scheuermann 2016). Bargaining power of customers When customers have limited choices and the choices are made available. In addition, limited buyer choices have positive impact for Bitcoin. Threat from substitute products There is limited number of substitutes where customers find other products or services as it fulfill their needs. Limited substitutes have positive impact for usage of Bitcoin. Threat of new entrants There is high threat from new entrants who shows willingness to enter the market. High entry barriers have positive impact for usage of Bitcoin. Cost and viability of mining Bitcoin The cost of Bitcoin value has been on a free fall from last few months. The coin now costs slightly prompts for every Bitcoin exchange for registering extreme lows. Cryptocoin does not have long life year ahead that is a clear indication (Tschorsch and Scheuermann 2016). The longevity of Bitcoin relies mainly on the direct support from the community in case of mining activities. There is specific cost that is required to sustain this activity and turns to be detrimental to growth of mining in the industry. Mining considers as an investment that offer rewards to those who actually render service in solving mathematical problems (Osterrieder, Strika and Lorenz 2017). Here, the computation is needed for approving the transactions as well as keeping the public ledger healthy that shows updated and aligned data. In addition, laws of economics highlights that any rational investor will engage in production when return exceed the effort in the short-term and long-term. It is not different from Bitcoin cloud mining or in that case regular crypto mining. Strategic analysis There are different start-up companies such as Coinbase, Blockchain as well as Circle and BitPay uses Bitcoin in their operations. It is essential that the miners such as individuals and business enterprise as it form the core backbone of Bitcoin as it ensures the integrity of digital currency. Bitcoin runs on a Blockchain as it is decentralized as well as public ledger on every transaction made on the network. The users shows interest in winning Bitcoin as it creates an arms race of miners that scrambles for assembling ever-more sophisticated as well as powerful equipment to mine new Bitcoin (Osterrieder, Strika and Lorenz 2017). Criminal usage of crypto currencies Crypto currencies are considered to be one of the new technology-driven virtual currencies that had existed from the year 2009. Because of the nature of this digital currency, they are used by the criminal organizations (Tschorsch and Scheuermann 2016). It is important for law enforcement organizations as well as regulations to understand about how these digital currencies work and their use by criminal organizations. Crypto-currencies are a group of virtual currencies that relays upon peer-to-peer system that gets disconnected from central issuing authority as it allows users an anonymous or near-anonymous method for conducting transactions. Bitcoin, Ethereum as well as DogeCoin are some of the existing crypto currencies that have combined market capitalization of $ 90 billion. The interest of the Chinese Government in crypto currency as well as implications of this interest in and across the world Chinese Authorities have mainly ordered crypto currency exchanges for ceasing trading as well as notify users of their closure that signals a widening crackdown by authorities on the industry as it contain financial risks. Here, the exchanges actually stopped users to register for overseeing internet finance risks as it circulates online as well as verified by a government. China is cracking down on the crypto currency business as it tries to limit risks where consumers pile into a highly speculative market. Digital currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum do not have sovereign endorsement as it is not legal currencies (Osterrieder, Strika and Lorenz 2017). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that crypto currencies are widely used current but has some limitations as well. More than 3 million people are estimated to be actively using crypto currencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and Darkcoin. Crypto currency exchanges render on-off ramps for the systems by providing services to users either to buy or sell crypto currency. Central banks are in tension where they feel that their ability to monitor the payment system would fall in the near future. The central bank may even lose control of the money supply and this is an acute concern. The cost of mining is not fixed and decreases and expensive. It is noted that the modern software as well as hardware continues to make the process less costly. Here, miners have the option to hold onto their Bitcoins till there is improvement in the pricing. Therefore, Bitcoin is selling at what it is told as under the cost of mining where the overall system had become unsustainable. There are various fact ors that need to be considered that mining cost of each of the Bitcoin will have adverse effects on the performance of crypto currencies in different industries even in the Bitcoin gambling market. Reference List Bashir, M., Strickland, B. and Bohr, J., 2016, November. What Motivates People to Use Bitcoin?. InInternational Conference on Social Informatics(pp. 347-367). Springer International Publishing. Chan, S., Chu, J., Nadarajah, S. and Osterrieder, J., 2017. A statistical analysis of cryptocurrencies.Journal of Risk and Financial Management,10(2), p.12. Chodorow, A., 2017. Rethinking Basis in the Age of Virtual Currencies.Va. Tax Rev.,36, p.371. Folkinshteyn, D. and Lennon, M., 2016. Braving Bitcoin: A technology acceptance model (TAM) analysis.Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research,18(4), pp.220-249. Halaburda, H. and Sarvary, M., 2016. Cryptocurrencies. InBeyond Bitcoin(pp. 97-163). Palgrave Macmillan US. Lansky, J., 2016. Analysis of Cryptocurrencies Price Development.Acta Informatica Pragensia,5(2), pp.118-137. Low, K.F. and Teo, E.G., 2017. Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies as property?.Law, Innovation and Technology, pp.1-34. Mandjee, T., 2015. Bitcoin, its legal classification and its regulatory framework.J. Bus. Sec. L.,15, pp.157-219. Morabito, V., 2017. Digital Currencies. InBusiness Innovation Through Blockchain(pp. 81-100). Springer International Publishing. Nakamoto, S., 2016. Changing the Dominant Monetary Regime, Bit by Bitcoin.The Evolution of Money, p.196. Ong, B., Lee, T.M., Li, G. and Chuen, D.L.K., 2015. Evaluating the potential of alternative cryptocurrencies.Handbook of digital currency. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.81-135. Osterrieder, J., Strika, M. and Lorenz, J., 2017. Bitcoin and cryptocurrenciesnot for the faint-hearted.International Finance and Banking,4(1), p.56. Rabah, K., 2017. Digital Cryptoeconomics Powered by Digital Cryptocurrency.Mara Research Journal of Computer Science Security,1(1), pp.107-131. Tarasiewicz, M. and Newman, A., 2015. Cryptocurrencies as distributed community experiments.Handbook of digital currency, pp.201-222. Tschorsch, F. and Scheuermann, B., 2016. Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,18(3), pp.2084-2123. Zhang, B., Wardrop, R., Rau, R. and Gray, M., 2015. Moving mainstream: benchmarking the European alternative finance market.Journal of Financial Perspectives,3(3), pp.60-76.